Definitions
NSF (2008) “Cyber-physical systems are physical, biological, and engineered
systems whose operations are integrated, monitored, and/or controlled
by a computational core. Components are networked at every scale.
Computing is ‘deeply embedded’ into every physical component,
possibly even into materials. The computational core is an embedded
system, usually demands real-time response, and is most often
distributed. The behavior of a cyber-physical system is a fully-integrated
hybridization of computational (logical) and physical action.”
NIST (website) “Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) comprise interacting digital, analog,
physical, and human components engineered for function through
integrated physics and logic.”
CPS PWG NIST SP
1500-201 (2017)
“Cyber-physical systems integrate computation, communication,
sensing, and actuation with physical systems to fulfill time-sensitive
functions with varying degrees of interaction with the environment
including human interaction.”
IEEE Standard 2413
(2019)
“A cyber-physical system is a system in which the physical world,
such as production sites, and the digitalized cyber world are
harmoniously combined.”
An academic work
group website on
CPSs
“Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are integrations of computation,
networking, and physical processes. Embedded computers and
networks monitor and control the physical processes, with feedback
loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa.”
IEEE Technical
Committee on CPS
(website)
“CPS addresses the close interaction and deep integration between
the cyber components such as sensing systems and the physical
components such as varying environment and energy systems.”
ACM14 “Cyber-physical systems are systems with a coupling of the cyber
aspects of computing and communications with the physical
aspects of dynamics and engineering that must abide by the laws of
physics.”
Cyber-Physical
Systems Virtual
Organization
(website)
CPSs “are engineering systems that are built from, and depend
upon, the seamless integration of computational algorithms and
physical components.”
NASA (website)16 “Cyber-Physical (CPS) denotes the emerging class of physical
systems that exhibit complex patterns of behavior due to highly
capable embedded software components. Also known as hybrid
systems (a hybrid of hardware and software), or mechatronic
systems (mechanical + electronic), these include devices with
content, or knowledge, that gives them unprecedented capabilities
in interoperability and interaction, resilience, adaptivity, and
emergent behavior.”
U.S. Department
of Transportation
(2014)
(From a presentation): A CPS is connected system with a path to
vehicle automation using an infrastructure and new data for asset
monitoring, predictive modeling, and control. Impacts safety,
mobility, and the environment.
U.S. Department
of Homeland
Security
(website)
“Smart networked systems with embedded sensors, processors
and actuators that sense and interact with the physical world and
support real-time, guaranteed performance in safety-critical
applications.”
Cyber-Physical
Systems Program
Solicitation NSF
(2021)
“Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are engineered systems that are built
from, and depend upon, the seamless integration of computation
and physical components.”
Note that IEEE Standard 2413
states, “An IoT system is a cyberphysical
system, which interacts with the physical world through sensors and actuators.” Does this imply equivalency?
