Saturday, December 19, 2015

Wearables Market

Posted by at No comments:
Labels: ,

Saturday, June 27, 2015

Artificial Intelligence - Mumbai University Syllabus and Related Knols



_______________________________________________________

Free Course on Artificial Intelligence

Stanford University Engineering Free Online Course. 10th October 2011 to 18th December 2011
http://www.ai-class.com/

The course is now shifted to Udacity. Search Udacity website for courses on artificial intelligence.

Course: Introduction to Machine Learning  - Free Course
https://www.udacity.com/course/intro-to-machine-learning--ud120
________________________________________________________

Artificial Intelligence - Mumbai University Syllabus


Objective: This course will introduce the basic ideas and techniques underlying the
design of intelligent computer systems. Students will develop a basic understanding of
the building blocks of AI as presented in terms of intelligent agents. This course will
attempt to help students understand the main approaches to artificial intelligence such as
heuristic search, game search, logical inference, decision theory, planning, machine
learning, neural networks and natural language processing. Students will be able to
recognize problems that may be solved using artificial intelligence and implement
artificial intelligence algorithms for hands-on experience

1. Artificial Intelligence: Introduction to AI, History of AI, Emergence Of Intelligent
Agents
2. Intelligent Agents: PEAS Representation for an Agent, Agent Environments,
Concept of Rational Agent, Structure of Intelligent agents, Types of Agents.
3. Problem Solving: Solving problems by searching, Problem Formulation, Uninformed
Search Techniques- DFS, BFS, Iterative Deepening, Comparing Different
Techniques, Informed search methods – heuristic Functions, Hill Climbing,
Simulated Annealing, A*, Performance Evaluation.
4. Constrained Satisfaction Problems: Constraint Satisfaction Problems like, map
Coloring, Crypt Arithmetic, Backtracking for CSP, Local Search.
5. Adversarial Search: Games, Minimax Algorithm, Alpha Beta pruning.
6. Knowledge and Reasoning: A knowledge Based Agent, Introduction To Logic,
Propositional Logic, Reasoning in Propositional logic, First Order Logic: Syntax and
Semantics, Extensions and Notational Variation, Inference in First Order Logic,
Unification, Forward and backward chaining, Resolution.
7. Knowledge Engineering: Ontology, Categories and Objects, Mental Events and
Objects.
8. Planning: Planning problem, Planning with State Space Search, Partial Order
Planning, Hierarchical Planning, Conditional Planning.
9. Uncertain Knowledge and Reasoning: Uncertainty, Representing knowledge in an
Uncertain Domain, Overview of Probability Concepts, Belief Networks, Simple
Inference in Belief Networks
10. Learning: Learning from Observations, General Model of Learning Agents,
Inductive learning, learning Decision Trees, Introduction to neural networks,
Perceptrons, Multilayer feed forward network, Application of ANN, Reinforcement
learning: Passive & Active Reinforcement learning.
11. Agent Communication: Communication as action, Types of communicating agents,
A formal grammar for a subset of English


Text Book:
1. Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 2nd
Edition, Pearson Publication.

Reference Books:
1. George Lugar, “AI-Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving”, 4/e,
2002, Pearson Educations
2. Robert J. Schalkolf, Artificial Inteilligence: an Engineering approach, McGraw Hill,
1990.
3. Patrick H. Winston, Artificial Intelligence, 3rd edition, Pearson.
4. Nils J. Nilsson, Principles of Artificial Intelligence, Narosa Publication.
5. Dan W. Patterson, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Expert System, PHI.
6. Efraim Turban Jay E.Aronson, "Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems”
PHI.
7. M. Tim Jones, Artificial Intelligence – A System Approach, Infinity Science Press -
Firewall Media.
8. Christopher Thornton and Benedict du Boulay, “Artificial Intelligence – Strategies,
Applications, and Models through Search, 2nd Edition, New Age International
Publications.
9. Elaine Rich, Kevin Knight, Artificial Intelligence, Tata McGraw Hill, 1999.
10. David W. Rolston, Principles of Artificial Intelligence and Expert System
Development, McGraw Hill, 1988.


Term Work:
Term work shall consist of at least 10 experiments covering all topics and one written
test.
Distribution of marks for term work shall be as follows:
17. Laboratory work (Experiments and Journal) 15 Marks
18. Test (at least one) 10 Marks


The final certification and acceptance of TW ensures the satisfactory Performance of
laboratory Work and Minimum Passing in the term work.
Suggested Experiment list: (Can be implemented in JAVA)
1. Problem Formulation Problems
2. Programs for Search
3. Constraint Satisfaction Programs
4. Game Playing Programs
5. Assignments on Resolution
6. Building a knowledge Base and Implementing Inference
7. Assignment on Planning and reinforcement Learning
8. Implementing Decision Tree Learner
9. Neural Network Implementation
10. Bayes’ Belief Network (can use Microsoft BBN tool)
11. Assignment on Agent Communication – Grammar Representation For Simple
Domains

Additional Books - Collection by Me (NRao)

Fundamentals of the New Artificial Intelligence: Neural, Evolutionary, Fuzzy and More
Toshinori Munakata
Springer Science & Business Media, Jan 1, 2008 - 272 pages


This significantly updated 2nd edition thoroughly covers the most essential & widely employed material pertaining to neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy systems, rough sets, & chaos. The exposition reveals the core principles, concepts, & technologies in a concise & accessible, easy-to-understand manner, & as a result, prerequisites are minimal. Topics & features: Retains the well-received features of the first edition, yet clarifies & expands on the topic Features completely new material on simulated annealing, Boltzmann machines, & extended fuzzy if-then rules tables

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lei-Zt8UGSQC



Video lectures by IIT Faculty



_______________



Knols - Articles  on Artificial Intelligence
Original knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/artificial-intelligence-mumbai/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 5734


Updated 27 June 2015
First published on 19 March 2012
Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Rough Sets - Theory and Applications - Collection of Articles and Books



2014

ISRN Applied Mathematics
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 382738, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/382738

A Hybrid Feature Selection Method Based on Rough Conditional Mutual Information and Naive Bayesian Classifier

Zilin Zeng,1,2 Hongjun Zhang,1 Rui Zhang,1 and Youliang Zhang1
1PLA University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210007, China
2Nanchang Military Academy, Nanchang 330103, China
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2014/382738/
Open Access Article



A Rough Hypercuboid Approach for Feature Selection in Approximation Spaces
Issue No.01 - Jan. (2014 vol.26)
pp: 16-29
Pradipta Maji , Machine Intell. Unit, Indian Stat. Inst., Kolkata, India
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TKDE.2012.242
ABSTRACT
The selection of relevant and significant features is an important problem particularly for data sets with large number of features. In this regard, a new feature selection algorithm is presented based on a rough hypercuboid approach. It selects a set of features from a data set by maximizing the relevance, dependency, and significance of the selected features. By introducing the concept of the hypercuboid equivalence partition matrix, a novel representation of degree of dependency of sample categories on features is proposed to measure the relevance, dependency, and significance of features in approximation spaces. The equivalence partition matrix also offers an efficient way to calculate many more quantitative measures to describe the inexactness of approximate classification. Several quantitative indices are introduced based on the rough hypercuboid approach for evaluating the performance of the proposed method. The superiority of the proposed method over other feature selection methods, in terms of computational complexity and classification accuracy, is established extensively on various real-life data sets of different sizes and dimensions.
INDEX TERMS
Approximation methods, Rough sets, Data analysis, Uncertainty, Data mining, Redundancy,rough hypercuboid approach, Pattern recognition, data mining, feature selection, rough sets
CITATION
Pradipta Maji, "A Rough Hypercuboid Approach for Feature Selection in Approximation Spaces", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge & Data Engineering, vol.26, no. 1, pp. 16-29, Jan. 2014, doi:10.1109/TKDE.2012.242

2013
Economic Modeling Using Artificial Intelligence Methods

Front Cover
Tshilidzi Marwala
Springer Science & Business Media, Apr 2, 2013 - 261 pages
0 Reviews

Economic Modeling Using Artificial Intelligence Methods examines the application of artificial intelligence methods to model economic data. Traditionally, economic modeling has been modeled in the linear domain where the principles of superposition are valid. The application of artificial intelligence for economic modeling allows for a flexible multi-order non-linear modeling. In addition, game theory has largely been applied in economic modeling. However, the inherent limitation of game theory when dealing with many player games encourages the use of multi-agent systems for modeling economic phenomena.

The artificial intelligence techniques used to model economic data include:

multi-layer perceptron neural networks
radial basis functions
support vector machines
rough sets
genetic algorithm
particle swarm optimization
simulated annealing
multi-agent system
incremental learning
fuzzy networks
Signal processing techniques are explored to analyze economic data, and these techniques are the time domain methods, time-frequency domain methods and fractals dimension approaches. Interesting economic problems such as causality versus correlation, simulating the stock market, modeling and controling inflation, option pricing, modeling economic growth as well as portfolio optimization are examined. The relationship between economic dependency and interstate conflict is explored, and knowledge on how economics is useful to foster peace – and vice versa – is investigated. Economic Modeling Using Artificial Intelligence Methods deals with the issue of causality in the non-linear domain and applies the automatic relevance determination, the evidence framework, Bayesian approach and Granger causality to understand causality and correlation.

Economic Modeling Using Artificial Intelligence Methods makes an important contribution to the area of econometrics, and is a valuable source of reference for graduate students, researchers and financial practitioners.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hV9EAAAAQBAJ



2011
Advanced Artificial Intelligence
Zhongzhi Shi
World Scientific, 2011 - 613 pages
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science and a discipline in the study of machine intelligence, that is, developing intelligent machines or intelligent systems imitating, extending and augmenting human intelligence through artificial means and techniques to realize intelligent behavior.
Advanced Artificial Intelligence consists of 16 chapters. The content of the book is novel, reflects the research updates in this field, and especially summarizes the author's scientific efforts over many years. The book discusses the methods and key technology from theory, algorithm, system and applications related to artificial intelligence. This book can be regarded as a textbook for senior students or graduate students in the information field and related tertiary specialities. It is also suitable as a reference book for relevant scientific and technical personnel.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wNbMOoTuGU0C



2003
Rough Sets: Current and Future Developments
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0394.00248/pdf




Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Tuesday, June 9, 2015

Syllabus - First Year Computer Science and Engineering - SNDT University, Mumbai

Detailed syllabus and recommended books. Links to appropriate online articles and videos will be given. This blog will also contain number of articles and videos.

_________________________________________________________

Computer Science and Engineering - Knol Books - Catalogue

Sub-Directories of Articles/Knols in the Area of Computer Science and Engineering
Knol Sub-Directory - Computer Science, Engineering and Technology - Subjects
Knol Sub-Directory - New Knols - Computer Science, Engineering and Technology

_______________________________________________________


First Year

Engineering Math's - I/ II
Applied Science - I/II
Engineering Drawing
Electronics Devices
Introduction to Mechanics and Thermodynamics
Communication Skills - I
Basic Electrical Engineering Programming in C



Syllabus - May 2011

Applied Mathematics - I

Semester: I                            Lect: 4Hr
Branch: ENC / CST / IT                                                                                                    Credit: 04
1. MATRICES
Types of Matrices.  Adjoint of a matrix, Inverse of a matrix.  Elementary transformations.  Rank of a matrix.  Reduction to a normal form.  Partitioning of matrices.  System of homogeneous and non – homogeneous equations, their consistency and solutions.  Linear dependence and independence of rows and columns of a matrix area in a real field. Eigen values and Eigen vectors.  Cayley Hamilton theoram, Minimal Polynominal – Derogatory and non derogatory matrices. Applications in Engg.
2. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Differential equation of 1st order and 1st degree, Linear – equations.  Bernoulli’s equations. Differential equation exact differential equations – integrating factors. Differential equations of higher order.  Differential operator D, Where f (D) y = X,  {x = eax , sin(ax+b),  Cos(ax+b),  xm ,  eax f(x).   Linear differential equations with constant and variable coefficients.  (Cauchy Linear Equations and Legendre’s Liner equations).  Simple applications (Where the differential equation is given). Applications in Engg.
3. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Successive differentiation, Leibnitz’s theorem ( without proof ) and applications, Rolle’s theorem, Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s Mean value theorem. Applications in Engg.
4. COMPLEX NUMBERS
Definition of complex numbers Cartesian, Polar and exponential form, De–Moiver’s theorem and roots of complex numbers.  Hyperbolic functions Separation real and imaginary parts of circular & Hyperbolic functions.  Logarithm of complex numbers. Applications in Engg.
 Reference Books:
1. P.N.Wartikar & J. N. Wartikar, Elements of Applied Mathematics, 1st edition, Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, 1995. (rs. 110/-)
2. B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, 34th edition, Khanna Publishers, 1998. (Rs. 170).
3. Shanti Narayan, Matrices, 9th Edition, S. Chand, 1997. (Rs. 45/-)
4. Shanti Narayan, Differential Calculus, 14th Edition, S. Chand, 1996. (Rs. 60/-)
5. A. R. Vashishtha, Matrices, 27th Edition, Krishna Prakashan Mesdia(P) Ltd; 1996. (RS. 75/-)
6. Edwin Kreyszig, Advance Engg. Mathematics, 5th Edition, New Age International (P) Ltd; 1997. (Rs. 295/-)

Applied Mathematics - II


Semester: II                              
Lect: 4 Hr
Branch:ENC/CST/IT                                                                                       Credit: 04

SECTION    A
Partial Differentiation: Definition, differentiation of composite and implicit functions, Euler’s theorem on Homogeneous functions, total differentiation of composite functions using partial differentiation, errors and approximation, extreme values of functions of two variables, applications in engineering. 
Vector Algebra And Vector Calcus: Product of three or more vectors, vector differentiation – rules and theorems on vector differentiation, scalar point functions and vector point function, gradient, divergent and curl and applications solenoidal and irrotational fields, scalar potential of irrotational vectors, applications in engineering.
Differentiation Under Integral Sign: Theorems on differentiation under integral sign (without proof), Applications in engineering.

SECTION    B
Integral Calculus: Curve tracing (only standard curves) Rectification (only arc length), double Integrals – Change of order of integration, double integration of polar coordinates, application of single and double integration – mass and volume, triple integration, applications in engineering.
Error Functions – Beta And Gamma Functions: Error functions and its properties, simple problems based on it, beta and gamma functions, properties, relation between beta & gamma functions, duplication formula and problems based on it, applications in engineering.

References:
1. P.N.Wartikar & J. N. Wartikar, Elements of Applied Mathematics, 1st edition, Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, 1995. (rs. 110/-)
2. B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, 34th edition, Khanna Publishers, 1998. (Rs. 170).
3. Shanti Narayan, Differential Calculus, 14th Edition, S. Chand, 1996. (Rs. 60/-)
4. Murry Spiega, Vector Analysis
5. Edwin Kreyszig, Advance Engg. Mathematics, 5th Edition, New Age
6. International (P) Ltd; 1997. (Rs. 295/-)


Applied Science – I

Semester: II                Lect: 4 Hr
Branch:ENC/CST/IT                                                                                        Credit: 04
Section – I (Physics)
Physics of Semiconductors
Introduction to band theory, metals, semiconductors and insulators; charge carriers in semiconductors; conductivity and mobility of charge carriers; concepts of fermi level; fermi level in Intrinsic and Entrinsic semiconductors; semiconductor junction diodes.
Introduction to Fiber Optic Communication
i] Propagation of light in an optical fiber; TIR, Angle of Acceptance; Numerical Aperture; Index Difference; Types of Fibers i) Step Index Fiber  ii) Graded Index Fiber; Advantages of Optical Fiber, Applications of Optical Fiber Communication System.
ii]  Optical Sources
Introduction to Lasers; Terms Associated with Lasers; Theory of Ruby Lasers; He-Ne Laser, LED, Semiconductor Lasers.
iii] Photo Detectors
Minority Charge Carrier Injection, Photo Diodes – p-n, p-in Avalanche.
Ultrasonic
Characteristics of U. S. Waves, Magnetosrictive effect, Magnetosrictive Transducer, Piezoelectric effect, Piezo Quartz Crystal and transducer Applications of U. S. Waves – i) High power applications such as ultrasonic cleaners and cavitation ii) Low power applications such as Non Destructive Testing Methods – flaw detectors, Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges, Sonar’s etc.
Super Conductors
Properties Characterizing Superconductors; Implications of Zero resistivity, Critical temp-Tc, critical magnetic field – Hc, Critical current Ic, Meissner effect, Penetration depth;
Types of superconductors; London’s equation; B.C.S. Theory, Josephson’s Effect and junctions, SQUID, Applications of Superconductors.
Introduction to Electromagnetic
Laws of Physics such as Gauss’s Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law, Solenoidal vector B, Faraday – Lenz’s Law expressed in terms of Maxwell’s equations, Modified form of Ampere’s Law.
References:
1. R. K. Gaur, and S. L. Gupta, Engineering Physics, 7th Edition, Dhanpat Rai Publication Pvt. Ltd., 1997. (165/-)
2. B. L. Theraja, Modern Physics., S. Chand and Company Ltd., 1996. (Rs. 60/-)
3. S. G. Patgawkar, Applied Physics – I, 5th Edition, Technova Publication, 1999.      (Rs. 75/-)
4. Arthur Beiser, Perspective of Modern Physics, McGraw Hill, 1997. (Rs. 400/-)
5. Charles Kittle, Solid State Physics, 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. (Rs. 254/-)
6. I. Wilson and J. F. B. Hawkes, Optoelectronics – An Introduction, 2nd Edition, PHI, 1999. (175/-)

Section – II  (Chemistry)

7. Phase Rule
Phase Rule, Water System, Sulphur System, Phase Rule for two Component Alloy Systems, Eutectic System, Bismuth – Cadmium Eutectic System, Lead – Silver System – Simple Eutectic Formation.
8. Electrochemistry, Specific, Equivalent and Molar Conductance
Introduction, Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions, Laws of Electrolysis, Transport Number, Conductometric Titration.
9. Spectroscopy
Electromagnetic radiation, Spectroscopy, Principle, Instrumentation and Applications of Microwave, IR and UV Visible Spectroscopy, Beer Lamber’s Law.
10. Atomic Structure & Atomic Properties
Rutherford’s Modes, Bohr’s Model, Aufbau’s Principle, Pauli’s Law, Hund’s Rule, Electronic Configuration Atomic Properties like Ionization potential electro negativity, electron affinity, Atomic size, oxidation potential.

References:
1. Glasstone Lewis, Physical Chemistry
2. C. N. Banwell, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 1992. (Rs. 69/-)
3. Anand and Chatwal, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Himalaya Publishing House, 1997. (Rs. 160/-)

Communication Skills

Semester: I                       Lect: 4 Hr
Branch:  ENC/ CST/ IT                                                                Credit: 04
SECTION    A
1. Communication
 
The process, channels and media, Oral and written communication,
Verbal and non-verbal communication, Body language,
Barriers to communication , Developing communication through techniques.
2. Writing Skills
 
Vocabulary building- use of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, homophones,word formation, confused set of words.
Writing effective paragraphs-through illustration, example, argument, analysis,description and comparison, expansion of key sentences.
Business correspondence-Principles of correspondence,Form,Formats,
Types of letters-Application with bio-data, enquiries, replies to enquiries, claims, adjustments, sales.
3. Summarising Techniques

One word substitutes( noun, verb,adverb, adjective)
Reduction of sentence length, Reduction of paragraph length,
Paraphrasing longer units.

SECTION B
4. Oral Communication Practice
 
Group discussion, Extempore speaking- introducing a speaker,
introducing a topic, vote of thanks, offering condolence, making
an announcement, speech on given topic, oral instructions.
5. Meeting Documentation

Notices, Circulars,Agendas,Minutes of meetings
6. Report Writing
 
Basics-What is a report, Qualities of a good report,
Style of  language in reports,Methods,Sequencing, Structures
Types of reports-analytical, feasibility, informative etc.
Non-formal short reports-letter reports, memorandum reports
7. Descriptive Writing
 
Simple description of an object often used by engineering students
Writing instructions on using an object or performing a process
 Reference Books
1. Sushil Bahl, “Business Communication Today”, Response Books, 1996, Rs.125/-
2. Krishna Mohan, R.C. Sharma, “Business Correspondence and Report Writing”, 2nd ed., Tata McGraw Hill, 1997, Rs.110/-
3. Krishna Mohan, Meera Banerji, “Developing Communication Skills”, McMillan & India Ltd., 1997, Rs.88/-
4. E.H.Macgraw, “Basic Managerial Skills For All”, 4th ed., PHI, 1996, Rs.125/-

Basic Electronics


Semester: II                      Lect: 4 Hr
Branch:  ENC/ CST/ IT                                                                Credit: 04

Modeling devices: Static characteristics of ideal two terminal and three terminal devices, small signal models of non-linear devices.
Semiconductor diodes, construction and characteristics, Static and dynamic resistance, temperature effects, Avalanche and zener diodes. Small signal models of diodes; some applications of diodes. Specification of diodes, rectifiers ripple factor, rectification efficiency, regulation, and filters.
Bipolar junction transistor: Construction, characteristics. BJT as amplifier, CB, CE, CC configurations. Biasing circuits, dc analysis and stability factor, DC load line and ac load line.
Single stage transistor amplifiers (CB, CC, and CE).  h-parameters, Small signal low frequency ac equivalent circuit, h parameter measurements
FET:- Construction, characteristics, amplifier. CS, CD and CG configurations. Biasing.  Low frequency small signal ac equivalent circuit of JFET amplifiers.

Text Books / Reference Books
1.  Boylstead & Nshelasky, “Electronic Devices & Circuit”, 6th edition, PHI. (Rs.295/-)
2.  Milman Grabel, “Microelectronics”
3.  V. K. Mehata, Principles of Electronics”, 7th edition. (Rs.210/-)
4.  Bhargav Gupta, “Basic Electronics & Linear Circuit”. (Rs.120/-)
5.  Kakani – Bhandari, “A Textbook of Electronics”.
Source: http://www.umit.ac.in/    Courses Page Accessed on 27.5.2011
__________________________________________________________________________

2009-10 First Semester Subjects

AS-1 Chemistry
AS-2 Physics
CS - Computer Skills
EC - Electrical Circuits
ED - Engineering Drawing
EM-1 Engineering Mathematics
EW - Electronics and Mechanical Workshop

 

Applied Mathematics - I

Semester: I                            Lect: 4Hr
Branch: ENC / CST / IT                                                                                                    Credit: 04
1. MATRICES
Types of Matrices.  Adjoint of a matrix, Inverse of a matrix.  Elementary transformations.  Rank of a matrix.  Reduction to a normal form.  Partitioning of matrices.  System of homogeneous and non – homogeneous equations, their consistency and solutions.  Linear dependence and independence of rows and columns of a matrix area in a real field. Eigen values and Eigen vectors.  Cayley Hamilton theoram, Minimal Polynominal – Derogatory and non derogatory matrices. Applications in Engg.
2. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Differential equation of 1st order and 1st degree, Linear – equations.  Bernoulli’s equations. Differential equation exact differential equations – integrating factors. Differential equations of higher order.  Differential operator D, Where f (D) y = X,  {x = eax , sin(ax+b),  Cos(ax+b),  xm ,  eax f(x).   Linear differential equations with constant and variable coefficients.  (Cauchy Linear Equations and Legendre’s Liner equations).  Simple applications (Where the differential equation is given). Applications in Engg.
3. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Successive differentiation, Leibnitz’s theorem ( without proof ) and applications, Rolle’s theorem, Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s Mean value theorem. Applications in Engg.
4. COMPLEX NUMBERS
Definition of complex numbers Cartesian, Polar and exponential form, De–Moiver’s theorem and roots of complex numbers.  Hyperbolic functions Separation real and imaginary parts of circular & Hyperbolic functions.  Logarithm of complex numbers. Applications in Engg.

 Reference Books:
1. P.N.Wartikar & J. N. Wartikar, Elements of Applied Mathematics, 1st edition, Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, 1995. (rs. 110/-)
2. B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, 34th edition, Khanna Publishers, 1998. (Rs. 170).
3. Shanti Narayan, Matrices, 9th Edition, S. Chand, 1997. (Rs. 45/-)
4. Shanti Narayan, Differential Calculus, 14th Edition, S. Chand, 1996. (Rs. 60/-)
5. A. R. Vashishtha, Matrices, 27th Edition, Krishna Prakashan Mesdia(P) Ltd; 1996. (RS. 75/-)
6. Edwin Kreyszig, Advance Engg. Mathematics, 5th Edition, New Age International (P) Ltd; 1997. (Rs. 295/-) 

Applied Mathematics - II


Semester: II                              
Lect: 4 Hr
Branch:ENC/CST/IT                                                                                       Credit: 04

SECTION    A
Partial Differentiation: Definition, differentiation of composite and implicit functions, Euler’s theorem on Homogeneous functions, total differentiation of composite functions using partial differentiation, errors and approximation, extreme values of functions of two variables, applications in engineering. 
Vector Algebra And Vector Calcus: Product of three or more vectors, vector differentiation – rules and theorems on vector differentiation, scalar point functions and vector point function, gradient, divergent and curl and applications solenoidal and irrotational fields, scalar potential of irrotational vectors, applications in engineering.
Differentiation Under Integral Sign: Theorems on differentiation under integral sign (without proof), Applications in engineering.

SECTION    B
Integral Calculus: Curve tracing (only standard curves) Rectification (only arc length), double Integrals – Change of order of integration, double integration of polar coordinates, application of single and double integration – mass and volume, triple integration, applications in engineering.
Error Functions – Beta And Gamma Functions: Error functions and its properties, simple problems based on it, beta and gamma functions, properties, relation between beta & gamma functions, duplication formula and problems based on it, applications in engineering.

References:

1. P.N.Wartikar & J. N. Wartikar, Elements of Applied Mathematics, 1st edition, Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, 1995. (rs. 110/-)
2. B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, 34th edition, Khanna Publishers, 1998. (Rs. 170).
3. Shanti Narayan, Differential Calculus, 14th Edition, S. Chand, 1996. (Rs. 60/-)
4. Murry Spiega, Vector Analysis
5. Edwin Kreyszig, Advance Engg. Mathematics, 5th Edition, New Age
6. International (P) Ltd; 1997. (Rs. 295/-)

Applied Science – I

Semester: II                Lect: 4 Hr
Branch:ENC/CST/IT  
                                                                                      Credit: 04
Section – I (Physics)
Physics of Semiconductors
Introduction to band theory, metals, semiconductors and insulators; charge carriers in semiconductors; conductivity and mobility of charge carriers; concepts of fermi level; fermi level in Intrinsic and Entrinsic semiconductors; semiconductor junction diodes.
Introduction to Fiber Optic Communication
i] Propagation of light in an optical fiber; TIR, Angle of Acceptance; Numerical Aperture; Index Difference; Types of Fibers i) Step Index Fiber  ii) Graded Index Fiber; Advantages of Optical Fiber, Applications of Optical Fiber Communication System.
ii]  Optical Sources
Introduction to Lasers; Terms Associated with Lasers; Theory of Ruby Lasers; He-Ne Laser, LED, Semiconductor Lasers.
iii] Photo Detectors
Minority Charge Carrier Injection, Photo Diodes – p-n, p-in Avalanche.
Ultrasonic
Characteristics of U. S. Waves, Magnetosrictive effect, Magnetosrictive Transducer, Piezoelectric effect, Piezo Quartz Crystal and transducer Applications of U. S. Waves – i) High power applications such as ultrasonic cleaners and cavitation ii) Low power applications such as Non Destructive Testing Methods – flaw detectors, Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges, Sonar’s etc.
Super Conductors
Properties Characterizing Superconductors; Implications of Zero resistivity, Critical temp-Tc, critical magnetic field – Hc, Critical current Ic, Meissner effect, Penetration depth;
Types of superconductors; London’s equation; B.C.S. Theory, Josephson’s Effect and junctions, SQUID, Applications of Superconductors.
Introduction to Electromagnetic
Laws of Physics such as Gauss’s Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law, Solenoidal vector B, Faraday – Lenz’s Law expressed in terms of Maxwell’s equations, Modified form of Ampere’s Law.
References:

1. R. K. Gaur, and S. L. Gupta, Engineering Physics, 7th Edition, Dhanpat Rai Publication Pvt. Ltd., 1997. (165/-)
2. B. L. Theraja, Modern Physics., S. Chand and Company Ltd., 1996. (Rs. 60/-)
3. S. G. Patgawkar, Applied Physics – I, 5th Edition, Technova Publication, 1999.      (Rs. 75/-)
4. Arthur Beiser, Perspective of Modern Physics, McGraw Hill, 1997. (Rs. 400/-)
5. Charles Kittle, Solid State Physics, 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. (Rs. 254/-)
6. I. Wilson and J. F. B. Hawkes, Optoelectronics – An Introduction, 2nd Edition, PHI, 1999. (175/-)

Section – II  (Chemistry)


7. Phase Rule
Phase Rule, Water System, Sulphur System, Phase Rule for two Component Alloy Systems, Eutectic System, Bismuth – Cadmium Eutectic System, Lead – Silver System – Simple Eutectic Formation.
8. Electrochemistry, Specific, Equivalent and Molar Conductance
Introduction, Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions, Laws of Electrolysis, Transport Number, Conductometric Titration.
9. Spectroscopy
Electromagnetic radiation, Spectroscopy, Principle, Instrumentation and Applications of Microwave, IR and UV Visible Spectroscopy, Beer Lamber’s Law.
10. Atomic Structure & Atomic Properties
Rutherford’s Modes, Bohr’s Model, Aufbau’s Principle, Pauli’s Law, Hund’s Rule, Electronic Configuration Atomic Properties like Ionization potential electro negativity, electron affinity, Atomic size, oxidation potential.

References:
1. Glasstone Lewis, Physical Chemistry
2. C. N. Banwell, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 1992. (Rs. 69/-)
3. Anand and Chatwal, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Himalaya Publishing House, 1997. (Rs. 160/-)

Communication Skills

Semester: I                       Lect: 4 Hr
Branch:  ENC/ CST/ IT                                                                Credit: 04
SECTION    A
1. Communication
 
The process, channels and media, Oral and written communication,
Verbal and non-verbal communication, Body language,
Barriers to communication , Developing communication through techniques.
2. Writing Skills
 
Vocabulary building- use of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, homophones,word formation, confused set of words.
Writing effective paragraphs-through illustration, example, argument, analysis,description and comparison, expansion of key sentences.
Business correspondence-Principles of correspondence,Form,Formats,
Types of letters-Application with bio-data, enquiries, replies to enquiries, claims, adjustments, sales.
3. Summarising Techniques

One word substitutes( noun, verb,adverb, adjective)
Reduction of sentence length, Reduction of paragraph length,
Paraphrasing longer units.

SECTION B
4. Oral Communication Practice
 
Group discussion, Extempore speaking- introducing a speaker,
introducing a topic, vote of thanks, offering condolence, making
an announcement, speech on given topic, oral instructions.
5. Meeting Documentation

Notices, Circulars,Agendas,Minutes of meetings
6. Report Writing
 
Basics-What is a report, Qualities of a good report,
Style of  language in reports,Methods,Sequencing, Structures
Types of reports-analytical, feasibility, informative etc.
Non-formal short reports-letter reports, memorandum reports
7. Descriptive Writing
 
Simple description of an object often used by engineering students
Writing instructions on using an object or performing a process

 Reference Books
1. Sushil Bahl, “Business Communication Today”, Response Books, 1996, Rs.125/-
2. Krishna Mohan, R.C. Sharma, “Business Correspondence and Report Writing”, 2nd ed., Tata McGraw Hill, 1997, Rs.110/-
3. Krishna Mohan, Meera Banerji, “Developing Communication Skills”, McMillan & India Ltd., 1997, Rs.88/-
4. E.H.Macgraw, “Basic Managerial Skills For All”, 4th ed., PHI, 1996, Rs.125/-


Basic Electronics


Semester: II                      Lect: 4 Hr
Branch:  ENC/ CST/ IT                                                                Credit: 04

Modeling devices: Static characteristics of ideal two terminal and three terminal devices, small signal models of non-linear devices.
Semiconductor diodes, construction and characteristics, Static and dynamic resistance, temperature effects, Avalanche and zener diodes. Small signal models of diodes; some applications of diodes. Specification of diodes, rectifiers ripple factor, rectification efficiency, regulation, and filters.
Bipolar junction transistor: Construction, characteristics. BJT as amplifier, CB, CE, CC configurations. Biasing circuits, dc analysis and stability factor, DC load line and ac load line.
Single stage transistor amplifiers (CB, CC, and CE).  h-parameters, Small signal low frequency ac equivalent circuit, h parameter measurements
FET:- Construction, characteristics, amplifier. CS, CD and CG configurations. Biasing.  Low frequency small signal ac equivalent circuit of JFET amplifiers.

Text Books / Reference Books

1.  Boylstead & Nshelasky, “Electronic Devices & Circuit”, 6th edition, PHI. (Rs.295/-)
2.  Milman Grabel, “Microelectronics”
3.  V. K. Mehata, Principles of Electronics”, 7th edition. (Rs.210/-)
4.  Bhargav Gupta, “Basic Electronics & Linear Circuit”. (Rs.120/-)
5.  Kakani – Bhandari, “A Textbook of Electronics”.



Updated  9 June 2015,   15 February 2012
Posted by at 4 comments:
Labels:

Thursday, May 14, 2015

Data Mining Methods - Brief Introduction



A variety of Data Mining methods and algorithms exist. Some are well founded in mathematics and statistics, whereas others are used simply because they produce useful results. Some of them are:


Method                                                -           Foundation of the Method

Bayesian Network                               -   Statistics      
Decision Trees                                     -   Machine learning
Fuzzy Sets                                           -   Logic and Statistics
Inductive Logic Programming            -   Logic, Machine learning
Neural Networks                                 -   Black Box method
Rough Sets                                           -  Logic, Statistics, and Algebra


Bayesian Networks


Bayesian, or belief networks, is a method to represent knowledge using directed acyclic graphs (DAG's). The vertices are events which describe the state of some part of the desired universe in some time interval. The edges represent relations between events, and the absence of edges represents independence between events.

A variable takes on values that correspond to events. Variables may be discrete or continuous. A database is denoted D in the following, the set of all variables U, and a Bayesian network-structure is denoted B. If D consists of all variables in U, then D is complete. Two structures are said to be equivalent if they have the same set of probability distributions.

The existing knowledge of an expert or set of experts is encoded into a Bayesian network, then a database is used to update the knowledge, and thus creates one or several new networks.



Theoretical Overview

In probability theory, P(A) denotes the probability that event A will occur. Belief measures in Bayesian formalism obeys the three basic axioms of probability theory:


The Bayes rule is the basis for Bayesian Networks:

Probability can be seen as a measure of belief in how probable outcomes are, given an event (subjective interpretation). It can also be interpreted as a frequency; how often it has happened in the past (objective interpretation).

Bayesian Networks Applied in Data Mining

When Bayesian Networks are applied in Data Mining, the user may want to apply techniques to learn the structure of a Bayesian network with one or more variables, or to reason on a structure that is already known.


Learning Structure and Variables

To learn a structure, we want to generate candidate Bayesian Networks, and choose the structure that is best according to the database we have.

The probability distribution in equation gif gives the probability distribution for the next observation after looking in the database:

 

To find a Bayesian Network B for a database D, we can use metrics together with a search algorithm. Some of the metrics are:

Bayes Factor (BF)
Bayesian Dirichlet (BD)
Maximum a Posteriori (MAP)
A Information Criterion (AIC)
Bayes Information Criterion (BIC)
Minimum Description Length (MDL)
Some search methods that exist are:

Local Search - a heuristic search algorithm on the graph.
Iterated Hill-Climb - uses Local Search, but avoids getting stuck in a local maxima.
If data are missing in the database, it can either be filled in using the posterior distribution. Or we can use Gibbs sampling, which approximates the expectation of any function with respect to it's probability distribution. Another alternative is to use the expectation-maximization (EM)-algorithm which can be used to compute a score from the BIC-metric.

Properties

Noise
Missing data can be filled in using Gibbs sampling or the posterior distribution. The method is relatively resistant to noise.

Consistency
Bayesian Networks are able to reason with uncertainty. Uncertainty in the data will be included in the model as probabilities of different outcomes.

Prior knowledge
In order to make the Bayesian network structure, it has to be learned from the database. It can also exist as prior knowledge.

Output
The output from Bayesian Network algorithms is a graph, which is easy to interpret for humans.

Complexity
There exist classifiers that perform in linear time, but further iterations give better results.

Retractability
The method is statistically founded, and is always possible to examine why the bayesian method produced certain results.


Inductive Logic Programming


Theoretical Overview

Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is a method for learning first-order definite clauses, or Horn clauses, from data.






ILP Applied in Data Mining

ILP systems can be divided in three groups :

Empirical systems, which are single-predicate learning systems that are able to analyze large example sets with little or no human interaction. Interactive systems incrementally build complex domain theories consisting of multiple predicates where the user controls and initiates the model construction and refinement process. Programming assistants learn from small example sets without interaction with humans. The systems can use a multitude of techniques when inducing knowledge. The techniques are discussed briefly below.

Inverse Resolution

Inverse Resolution is motivated by the fact that in deduction, results found by resolution are clauses. We invert this procedure to find clauses from results.

Least General Generalization

The method uses the relative least general generalization (described in section gif) to compute the most general clause given the background knowledge  tex2html_wrap_inline1615 .

Search Refinement Graph

The top-down learner starts from the most general clause and repeatedly refine until it no longer covers negative examples. During the search the learner ensures that the clause considered covers at least one positive example.

Rule Modeling

All possible instantiations of the predicate variables are tried systematically for each rule model, and the resulting clauses are tested against the examples and background knowledge to produce new clauses that can be learned.

Transformation

An ILP problem is transformed from relational to attribute-value form and solved by an attribute-value learner. This approach is only feasible for a small number of ILP problems where the clauses are typed, constrained and non-recursive. The induced hypothesis is transformed back into relational form.

Properties

Noise

Early ILP systems did not handle noise, but recent systems such as FOIL and LINUS are able to cope with noise.

Consistency

General rules can not be generated from inconsistent data. Inconsistency must be removed by preprocessing the data.

Prior knowledge

The ILP methods require background knowledge on the form of definite clauses.

Output
The output is given as definite clauses, often in Prolog syntax.

Retractability
Inductive logic programming has a mathematical basis, and it is always possible to analyze why results are produced.

Overfit/Underfit
Overfitting can be a problem, if rules are generated that has low support.

Rough Sets


The Rough Sets method was designed as a mathematical tool to deal with uncertainty in AI applications. Rough sets have also proven useful in Data Mining. The method was first introduced by Zdzislaw Pawlak in 1982.

Theoretical Overview

The starting point of Rough Sets theory is an information system, an ordered pair  P =  [U, A]. U is a non empty finite set called universe, A is a non empty finite set of attributes. The elements  of the universe are called objects, and for each attribute  a that belongs to A, a(x) denotes the value of attribute a for object  x that belongs to U.  It is often useful to illustrate an information system in a table, called an information system table. One of the most important concepts in Rough Sets is indiscernibility, denoted IND(). Indiscernability is a  relation.

 The indiscernible objects can be classified in equivalence classes:

Intuitively the objects of an equivalence class are indiscernible from all other objects in the class, with respect to the attributes in the set B. In most cases we therefore consider the equivalence classes and not the individual objects.

Some of the objects attributes may be less important than others when doing the classification. An attribute a is said to be dispersible or superfluous.  Otherwise the attribute is indispensable in B. A minimal set of all the attributes that preserves the partitioning of the universe is called a reduct, RED. Thus a reduct is a set of attributes  such that all attributes  are dispensible and IND(B)=IND(A). There are also object-related reducts that gives the set of attributes needed to separate one particular object/class from all the other.


They are lower and upper approximation, Rough definability of sets and the Rough membership function are concepts of rough sets.. The lower and upper approximation are used to classify a set of objects, X, from the universe that may belong to different equivalence classes.



A natural extension of the information system is the decision system. A decision system is an information system with an extra set of attributes, called decision attributes,



A Decision table is a table of the indiscernability classes, the attributes and the decision attribute.



Rough Sets Applied in Data Mining


When using rough sets as a algorithm for data mining, we generate decision rules that map the value of an objects attribute to a decision value. The rules are generated from a test set. There are two types of decision rules, definite and default decision rules. Definite decision rules are rules that map the attribute values of an object into exactly one decision class. A deterministic decision system can be completely expressed by a set of definite rules, but an indeterministic decision system can not.

Properties

The subsections below compare the Rough Set method to the criterias outlined in the above methods. This comparison will give us a framework that can be used to compare the various data mining techniques.

Noise
The rough set method is capable of handling most types of noise. If the input data is missing an attribute that is dispencible then the classification process is not affected. If the input data are missing important attributes, then the Rough Sets can not classify the object and the object must be thrown away. There are algorithms implemented that can 'guess' the value of a missing attribute, by doing statistical insertion among others, and thereby keeping the object.

Consistency
As described before, the default rules in Rough Sets can handle inconsistency in the information system quite nicely. In fact, as pointed out, it may be a advantage to introduce inconsistency, by removing attributes, to make the decision rules more general.

Prior Knowledge
Rough set method does not use prior knowledge when generating default rules. As mentioned before the default rules generated by Rough Set algorithms are generated only from the objects in the input data.

Output
The output from the Rough Set algorithms are rules, preferably default rules. These rules can then be uses to predict decisions based on the input attributes. By making variations in the threshold value,  one can tune the number of default rules to get the most optional result. Rules are easy for humans to interpret and use.

Complexity
The complexity of partitioning is O(nlog(n)), a sort algorithm. Computing the reducts is NP-complete, but there are approximation algorithms (genetic, Johnson, heuristical search) that have proven very efficient.

Retractability
It is easy for the user to find out how the results were generated. This is because Rough Sets method can display the indiscernability classes it created and the distribution of the objects in these classes. The user can from this confirm the rules generated, and argument, in basis of the classes, why the rules are correct.







http://www.idi.ntnu.no/~dingsoyr/project/report.html

  
Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Sunday, April 19, 2015

Introduction to Computer Science - What are the Subjects of the Discipline Computer Science?

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Sunday, April 5, 2015

Computer Science - Some Interview Questions

Basic Concepts of Important Subjects of Computer Science

Data Structures


What is an algorithm?
The method of solving a problem is known as algorithm.
More precisely, an algorithm is a sequence of instructions that act on some input data to produce some output in a finite number of steps.

An algorithm must have the following properties.

1. Input
2. Output
3. Finiteness
4. Definiteness
5. Effectiveness

What is analysis of algorithms?
An algorithm must not only be able to solve the problem at hand, it must be able to do so in as efficient a manner as possible. Determining which algorithm is efficient than the other involves analysis of algorithms.

Number of operations to be done is to be decided. This is done for significant operations. There are two classes of  operations that are typically chosen for the significant operations - comparison and arithmetic.

In arithmetic operations, additive and muliplicative operations are separately counted as multiplication operation takes more time than the addition operation.

Cases to be considered during analysis -  Best case, Worst case, Average case

Additional Issues of Analysis

Time efficiency
Space efficiency
Simplicity
Generality
Range of input that an algorithm takes

What are important data structures

1. Arrays  2. Strings  3. Linked lists  4. Sparse matrices  5. Stacks  6. Queues 7. Trees  8. Graphs

Searching and Sorting is an important operation on data structures.



Design of Algorithms


Algorithmic Strategies

1. Naive - Brute force - Attempting to solve a problem without thinking of doing it efficiently.
2. Divide and conquer
3. Greedy method - Optimization at every stage.
4. Dynamic programming - Stage-wise optimization. From every point the optimal path to the goal is found starting with one stage ahead of the goal.
5. Backtracking - In backtracking, all possible alternatives to find a solution are not searched. Thus, the algoirthm gives a solution with less number of steps compared to an exhaustive search that finds all possible alternatives. The efficiency is obtained by eliminating certain paths early by determining that they are not feasible paths or efficient paths.
6. Branch and bound
7. Internet Algorithms - String and pattern matching algorithms - Rabin-Karp algorithm - String matching with finite automata - Boyer Moore algorithm - Knuth-Morris-Pratt algoirthm


Database System Concepts


A Database-management system (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data.

The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information that is both convenient and efficient.

Management of data involves both defining structures for storage of information and providing mechanisms for the manipulation of information.

Database Systems versus File Systems

File systems were used earlier. Data was stored in different individual files and was accessed as required by accessing required files. But the system had drawbacks which were overcome by database systems.

Drawbacks of file-based systems

Data redundancy and inconsistency
Difficulty in accessing data - Multiple files are to be accessed.
Data isolation
Integrity problems
Atomicity problem - Ability to restore all the data up to an instant
Concurrent access anomalies
Security


Instances and Schema

The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment is called an instance of the database.

The overall design of the database is called the database schema.

Data Models

Underlying the structure of a database is the data model: a collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics, and consistency constraints.

Entity Relationship Model

The entity relationship (E-R) model is based on the idea that real world consists of a collection of basic objects, called entities and there are relationships among these objects or entities.

Relational Model

The relational model uses a collection of tables to represent both data and the relationships among those data. Each table has multiple columns, and each column has a unique name.

The relational model is a record based model. Relational database is structured in fixed-format records of several types. Each table contains records of a particular type. Each record type defines a fixed number of fields, or attributes. The columns of the table correspond to the attributes of the recod type,

Object Oriented Data Model

The object oriented model can be seen as extending the E-R model with notions of encapsulation, methods (functions) and object identity.

Database languages

Data definition language (DDL)

Data manipulation language (DML)

Database Access from Application Programs

Application programs of users interact with the database to retrieve data they want. Application programs are usually written in languages such as Cobol, C, C++, or Java.


Database System Structure

A database system is partitioned into modules. The two important modules are storage manager and the query processor module or component.

Storage Manager Components

Authorization and integrity manager
Transaction manager
File manager
Buffer manager

The storage manager implements several data structures as part of the physical system implementation

Data files (tables)
Data dictionary
Indices


The Query Processor Components

DDL Interpreter
DML Compiler
Query evaluation manager.


Application architecture

Two tier - Application at client level - database at server level

Three tier - client front end - application server - database server

Relational Database Design

First Normal Form

A domain is atomic if elements of the domain are considered to be indivisible units. We say that a relation schema R is in first normal form (1NF) if the domains of all attributes of R are atomic.

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Third Normal Form


Computer Organization and Architecture


Functions of Computer

Data Processing
Data Storage
Data Movement
Control

Structure

There are four main structural components of a computer

1. CPU
2. Main Memory
3. I/O
4. System Interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory and I/O

Why an IT or Computer Science student has to know computer architecture and organization?

To select the most effective computer for use throughout the organization. The ability to make choice between cache sizes, and clock rates etc. is essential.

Many processor or computer components are part of embedded systems. The IT person must be able to debug them.


Generation
of Computer   -  Period     -        Technology  -  Typical Speed (Operations per second)

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth              1991 -                    Ultra large scale integration      - one billion    


Memory Hierarchy


Internal Memory

      Registers
      Cache
      Main internal memory

Outboard Storage

       Magnetic disc
       CD ROM
       Cd-RW
       DVD-RW
       DVD - RAM

Off-line storage

       Magnetic tape
       MO
       WORM

Cache memory has high speed of data transfer like registers, but is less expensive than that of registers and cost is more closer to main memory.

Cache contains a copy of portions of main memory.



Computer Graphics

Raster scan displays

The beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminates spots that give a picture. Each screen point is referred to as pixel or pel (shortened forms of picture elements).

The raster system can have 2 bits for a pixel. But high quality systems have even 24 bits for a pixel.

Refreshing the picture takes place at the rate of 60 to 80 frames for second.

Graphics Functions

A general purpose graphics package provides users with a variety of functions for creating and manipulating pictures.


Output Primitives

Line Drawing Algorithms

DDA Algorithm
Bresenham's Line Algorithm
Parallel Line Algorithm

Circle Generating Algorithms

Midpoint Circle Algorithm


Ellipse Generating Algorithms


Midpoint Ellipse Algorithm


Software Engineering

Based on Book of Roger Pressman, Sixth Edition
Software Engineering Practice



George Polya outlined the essenece of problem solving

1. Understand the problem
2. Plan a solution
3. Carry out the plan
4. Examine the result for accuracy

Core Principles

the dictionary defines the word principle as "an important underlying law or assumption required in a system of thought."

David Hooker has proposed seven core principles that focus on software engineering process as a whole.

1. The reason it all exists.
2. Keep it simple, stupid
3. Maintain the vision
4. What you produce, others will consume
5. Be open to the future
6. Plan ahead for reuse.
7. Think

Communication Principles that apply to customer communication

1. Listen
2. Prepare before you communicate
3. Someone should facilitate the activity
4. face to face communication is best.
5. Take notes and document decisions
6. Strive for collaboration
7. Stay focused, modularize your discussion.
8. If something is unclear, draw a picture
9. Once you agree to something move on; If you can't agree tosomething move on; If a feature or function is unclear and cannot be clarified at the moment, move on.
10. Negotiation is not a contest or a game. It works best when both parties win.

Principles of Planning

1. Understand the scope of the project
2. Involve the customer in the planning activity
3. Recognize that planning is iterative
4. Estimate based on what you know.
5. Consider risk as you define the plan
6. Be realistic
7. Adjust granularity as you define the plan
8. Define how you intend to ensure quality.
9. Describe how you intend to accommodate change
10. Track the plan frequently and make adjustments as required.


Analysis Modeling Principles

1. The information domain of a problem must be represented and understood.
2. The functions that the software performs must be defined.
3. The behavior of the software (as a consequence of external events) must be represented.
4. the models that depict information, function, and behavior must be partitioned in a manner that uncovers detail in a layered(or hierarchical) fashion.
5. The analysis task should move from essential information toward implementation detail.

Software Design Modeling Principles

1 Design should be traceable to the analysis model.
2. Always consider architecture of the system to be built.
3. Design of data is as important as design of processing function
4. Interfaces must be designed with care (both external and internal)
5. User interface design should be designed to the needs of the end user.
6. Component level design should be functionally independent.
7. Components should be loosely coupled  to one another and to the external environment.
8. Design representations (models) should be easily understandable.
9. The design should be developed iternatively. With each iteration the designer should strive for greater simplicity.


Coding Principles and  Concepts

Preparation Principles

1. Understand the problem you're trying to solve.
2. Understand the basic design principles and concepts.
3. Pick a programming language that meets the needs of the software to be built and the environment in which it will operate.
4. Select a programming environment that provides tools that will  make your work easier.
5. Create a set of unit tests that will be applied once the component you code is completed.


Coding Principles

1. Constrain your algorithms by following structured programming (BOH00)
2. Select data structures that will meet the needs of the design.
Understand the software architecture and create interfaces that are consistent with it.
4. Keep conditional logic as simple as possible.
5. create nested loops in a way that makes them easily testable.
6. Select meaningful variable names and follow other local coding standards
7. Write code that is self-documenting.
8. Create visual layout (e.g., indentation and blank lines) that aids understanding.


Validation Principles

1. Conduct a code walkthrough when appropriate.
2. Perform unit tests and correct errors yoou've uncovered.
3. Refactor the code.

Software Testing Principles


Principles developed by Davis
1. All tests should be traceable to customer requirements.
2. tests should be planned long before testing begins.
3. The pareto principle applies to software testing.
4. testing should begin "in the small" and progress toward testing "in the large"
5. Exhaustive testing is not possible


Deployment Principles

1. Customer expectations for the software must be managed.
2. A complete delivery package must be assembled and tested.
3. A support regime must be established before the software is delivered.
4. Appropriate instructional materials must be provided to end users.
5. Buggy software should be fixed first, delivered later.






Posted by at No comments:
Labels: ,

Sunday, March 15, 2015

Information Technology Research and Development - Issues and Trends





Information Technology Research and Development: Critical Trends and Issues (Google eBook)
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment, Unknown Author
Elsevier, Sep 24, 2013 - 360 pages


Information Technology Research and Development: Critical Trends and Issues is a report of the Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Government on the research and development in the area of information technology.

The report discusses information technology research and development - its goals, nature, issues, and strategies; environment and its changes; the roles of the participants; and the health of its field.

The book then goes on to four selected case studies in information technology: advanced computer architecture; fiber optic communications; software engineering; and artificial intelligence. The text also talks about the effects of divestiture and deregulation on research; education and human resources for research and development; foreign information technology research and development; and technology and industry.

The text is recommended for students and researchers of information technology who wish to know more about the state of research and development in this field and the applications of this research in different areas.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cbsgBQAAQBAJ



Goals for USA Federal R&D Policy for IT

Support National Defense
Provide for Social Needs
Promote Economic Growth
Advance Basic Understanding of the World
Enhance National Prestige
Support Civilian Agency Missions

Most areas of IT are still in the early stages as technologies. Further improvement depends upon more fundamental research and technical development.


Innovation is a process that includes research and development, manufacturing or production, and distribution.


Von Neumann architecture is serial architecture. Parallel processing architectures are a research area.



International Competitiveness in Electronics
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PWHa1jDUSdQC





Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Friday, March 6, 2015

Big Data Application in Medical Practice




Design and Development of a Medical Big Data Processing System Based on Hadoop

Qin Yao, Yu Tian, Peng-Fei Li, Li-Li Tian, Yang-Ming Qian, Jing-Song Li

Journal of Medical Systems (Impact Factor: 1.37). 03/2015; 39(3):220. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-015-0220-8
Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Friday, January 2, 2015

Internet of Things - System Components



The IoT System

The IoT concept  generally refers to applications working on the principle of distributed and remote collection of environmental data followed by limited local processing, then making the result available to the bigger processor via some sort of shared access to the Internet for further processing and aggregation.

Applications in different domains include:

• Personal area: Wearable devices provide data for processing in the smartphone or other personal equipment.

• Wide area: Sensors are distributed citywide for applications such as taxi availability. The data collected is used centrally for citywide processing and analysis. Inventory and transport tracking are examples of  wide-area IoT applications.

• Local area: Data is processed for central home computers or office computers. In the case of homes, it is data from home appliances, energy & lighting devices,, and home heating and cooling equipment. In the case of factories and offices various equipment and devices are connected to the central computer.

In all these applications, data is collected locally through various sensors. Some processing and data reduction are also performed, and the resulting information is then transmitted  Data from several sources can be aggregated and further processed in the central computer and the results are provided to the user.

The device that performs these functions (sensing, processing and transmission) on the distributed side can be built around a system-on-chip (SoC) for high-end applications or around a general-purpose MCU IC for low-end applications. Such device will have functions and components: battery/power management, embedded flash (e-flash) memory, user interfaces (I/F) and other I/O devices, the wireless or wired (RF transceiver, TRX) communications interface, and the mission-critical sensor I/F.
http://electronicdesign.com/analog/define-analog-sensor-interfaces-iot-socs

Texas Instruments IoT Products

http://www.ti.com/ww/en/internet_of_things/iot-products.html

Microcontrollers


TI’s broad portfolio of microcontrollers allows our customers to innovate and create designs across a wide range of IoT applications, whether high performance or low-power. TI’s Performance MCUs consist of microcontrollers designed for closed-loop control IoT applications requiring real-time performance, connectivity, and safety functionality.  The Low-power MCUs, which integrate a power management system with interrupt handling and SRAM/FRAM for real-time data capture make these devices extremely powerful at ultra-low power levels to preserve battery life in IoT applications. TI Performance and Low-Power MCUs have a scalable platform to support consumer, industrial, and HealthTech IoT applications today.


Processors

Sitara processors, with scalable processing abilities, rich 3D graphics, robust peripherals and high-level OS support, can connect to protocols like power line communication, ZigBee, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Z-wave and Bluetooth Low Energy - ideal for smart appliance applications.


Wireless connectivity

TI offers cloud-ready system solutions designed to access the IoT through the industry’s broadest portfolio of wireless connectivity technologies, including Wi-Fi®, Bluetooth® Smart, ZigBee®, 6LoWPAN, and Sub-1 GHz among others. Whatever your application, TI makes developing easier with the hardware, software, tools and support you need to connect to the IoT.

The SimpleLink Wi-Fi CC3200 Internet-on-a-chip™ solution is a wireless MCU that integrates a high-performance ARM® Cortex®-M4 MCU with on-chip Wi-Fi, Internet and robust security protocols allowing customers to develop an entire application with a single IC.



Sensing Products


http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/analog/sensors/overview.page?DCMP=sensing-en&HQS=tlead-sensing-sva-sensing-vanity-lp-en

Capacitive sensing products
Capacitive sensing with grounded capacitors is a high-resolution, low-cost, contactless sensing technique that can be applied to a variety of applications. The sensor in a capacitive sensing system is any conductor, allowing for a low-cost and highly-flexible system design. The FDC1004 is a 4-channel capacitance-to-digital converter designed for capacitive sensing applications. It features more than 16-bit effective noise-free resolution and provides compensation of up to 100 pF offset capacitance to accommodate the use of remote sensors. The FDC1004 also includes two strong drivers for sensor shields to allow focusing of sensing direction and to reduce EMI interference.

Where this technology is used
The sensor in a capacitive sensing system is any metal or conductor, delivering a low-cost and highly-flexible system design. Capacitive sensing differs from capacitive touch in that it provides a higher resolution to allow for further sensing distance and higher-performance in sensing applications, including proximity, gesture, liquid level, and material properties.

Current sensing products
Current shunt monitors, or current sense amplifiers, are designed to monitor the current flow in a load by measuring the voltage drop across a resistor. They offer a unique input stage topology that allows the common mode voltage to exceed the supply voltage. Integrated precision gain resistors enable very accurate measurements.

Where this technology is used
Current shunt amplifiers enable a lower cost method of current measurement than indirect methods of sensing. TI's broad portfolio of current sense amplifiers enable a wide range of applications including power supply monitoring, motor/valve control, and battery management. They are recommended for currents under 100A and voltages under 100V.

Gas and chemical sensing products
Two common technologies to detect gas are electrochemical cells and NDIR sensors

Electrochemical sensors create a potential and measure the current across a cell that responds to a specific gas type
NDIR (non-dispersive infrared) sensors use infrared light to determine the amount of a specific gas in a container
pH sensing is used to monitor water quality by measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Hall effect sensors
The Hall effect is a sensing technology that detects the presence and strength of a magnetic field. Hall effect sensors can measure the strength of the magnetic field as an indicator of distance or position without physical contact.

Where this technology is used
Hall effect sensors are commonly used to detect position, speed, or acceleration of an object by sensing the magnetic field generated by the object.

Humidity sensors
Humidity sensors determine the amount of water vapor / moisture in the air. Because relative humidity is a function of temperature, humidity sensors also usually include integrated temperature sensors.

Where this technology is used
This technology is used in many applications, including environmental monitoring in automobiles and buildings, HVAC, warranty monitoring, process control, fog/condensation sensing, and remote weather stations.

Inductive sensing products
Inductive sensing is a contactless sensing technology that can be used to measure the position, motion, or composition of a metal or conductive target as well as detect the compression, extension, or twist of a spring. Immunity to environmental interferers such as oil, water or dirt allows for sensing even in very harsh environments

Where this technology is used
TI’s inductance-to-digital converters (LDCs) enable customers to use their own custom coils as sensors. The LDC can be used to detect changes in Rp (parallel resonance impedance) and L (inductance) of the sensor; the choice of which value is used would depend on the application and system requirements.


Optical sensing products
Optical sensing is the conversion of light rays into electronic signals. Often the intensity of light or changes between one or more light beams is being measured.

Where this technology is used
In its simplest form, sensing light intensity is used for lighting controls in everything from tablets/phones to building automation and street lighting. Optical sensing is used in broad range of applications, and by monitoring additional characteristics (spectrum, phase, geometry, or timing), optical sensing enables advanced applications such as chemical analysis, 3D mapping, medical scanning, and pulse oximetry.


Pressure sensor signal conditioners
Pressure sensor signal conditioners deliver highly-precise and programmable solutions for accurately measuring pressure.

Where this technology is used
Measuring pressure precisely is critical in a number of industrial and commercial applications.

Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors leverage the highly-predictable and linear properties of a silicon PN junction to derive the temperature. Temperature sensors can guarantee high accuracy while requiring zero calibration in the end system. Temperature sensors offer a wide range of integration and multi-channel options to monitor external PN junctions such as diodes, transistors, processors, ASICs, and FPGAs.

Where this technology is used
Temperature sensors are often used as a replacement for thermistors for monitoring and protection, calibration, and control. Temperature sensors can provide greater linearity, lower power, guaranteed accuracy, high programmability, and built-in over-temperature detection and offer a wide range of analog and industry-standard interfaces.

Ultrasonic sensing products
Ultrasonic sensing is the measurement of the time between an ultrasonic signal being sent and received. The interval between the two signals is typically referred to as time of flight (ToF). The speed of an ultrasonic wave is sensitive to the transmission medium (flow speed, temperature & concentration / purity).

Where this technology is used
Distance to target either in gas or fluid
Level of fluid in a tank
Flow speed of a gas or liquid
Temperature and concentration of a liquid or a gas


Power management

TI provides the broadest portfolio of innovative power management integrated circuits and easy-to-use design resources that allow designers to quickly develop Internet-ready applications that connect to the cloud and connect with each other.

Analog signal chain

In IoT, translating sensory inputs into information the system can act on requires precise, low-power, flexible analog signal processing. With TI’s comprehensive signal chain portfolio and integrated analog front ends, designers can optimize their systems for both power and performance.
Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Internet of Things - Energy Management Systems Applications

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)